Setting the standard for more than 30 years, Exercise Physiology has helped more than , students understand the key concepts of exercise physiology. The Eighth Edition is updated with the latest research in the field to offer current and easy-to-understand coverage of how energy transfer, nutrition, and exercise affect human performance.
A vibrant new full color design, along with updated art in every chapter, works hand in hand with the descriptive content, making even complex topics easier to understand and key information easier to locate. Other notable studies included core temperature and blood glucose regulation during light-toheavy fatiguing exercise at various ambient temperatures.
A study by Christensen and Nielsen in used finger plethysmography to study regional blood flow including skin temperature during brief periods of constantload cycle ergometer exercise. Today, the August Krogh Institute www1. Hjalmar Ling published a book on the kinesiology of body movements in Photo courtesy of Dr.
David Costill. Karolinska Institute, Stockholm. B Maximal oxygen consumption measured during cycle ergometer exercise, C Laboratory experiment, Katch, June 13, , from Dr. His English publications number about including book chapters, proceedings, a history of Scandinavian scientists in exercise physiology,3 and monographs , and he has given invited lectures in approximately 50 countries and different cities outside of Sweden.
His classic pamphlet Health and Fitness has an estimated distribution of 15 to 20 million copies about 3 million copies in Sweden —unfortunately, all without personal royalty! Further evidence of their phenomenal international influence is seen in the number of times each is cited annually in the scientific literature: an average of 15, to 20, times annually from through April Two Swedish scientists at the Karolinska Institute, Drs.
With this procedure, it became relatively easy to conduct invasive studies of muscle under various exercise conditions, training, Drs. Norwegian and Finnish Influence The new generation of exercise physiologists trained in the late s analyzed respiratory gases by means of a highly accurate sampling apparatus that measured relatively small quantities of carbon dioxide and oxygen in expired air. The method of analysis and also the analyzer was developed in by Norwegian scientist Per Scholander — Lange Andersen.
A Pictorial History of Medicine. Source Book of Medical History. Biology in the Nineteenth Century. Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century. A History of Medicine. London: T. Science and Enlightenment. Lavoisier and the Chemistry of Life. Discovering the Human Body. Science and Medicine in France.
The Emergence of Experimental Physiology, — The Story of Medicine. Hermansen, C. Gunnar Blomqvist, Born and educated in a Nordic country. High-altitude research physiologist who pioneered fundamental work concerning the functions of hemoglobin, later confirmed by Nobel laureate August Krogh.
For up to 1 hr, he experimental station to would lie without clothing assess oxygen tension of on a couch in subfreezing gases temperatures and record his subjective reactions. Christian Bohr — Professor of physiology in the medical school at the University of Copenhagen who mentored August Krogh, and father of nuclear physicist and Nobel laureate Niels Bohr. Bohr studied with Carl Ludwig in Leipzig in and , publishing papers on the solubility Christian Bohr of gases in various fluids, including oxygen absorption in distilled water and in solutions containing hemoglobin.
John Scott Haldane —; www. Conducted research in mine safety, investigating principally the action of dangerous gases carbon monoxide , the use of rescue equipment, and the incidence of pulmonary disease. He devised a decompression apparatus for the safe ascent of deep-sea divers. In , he and several other physiologists organized an expedition to Pikes Peak, Colorado, to study the effects of low oxygen pressures at high altitudes.
Haldane also showed that the reaction of oxyhemoglobin Haldane investigating with ferricyanide rapidly and carbon monoxide gas quantitatively released oxygen in an English coal mine and formed methemoglobin. Haldane devised a microtechnique to fractionate a sample of a mixed gas into its component gases see Chapter 8. Haldane founded the Journal of Hygiene.
Otto Meyerhof —; www. Hill in In , Meyerhof extracted from muscle the enzymes that convert glyco- Otto Meyerhof Courgen to lactic acid. Nathan Zuntz — Devised the first portable metabolic apparatus to assess respiratory exchange in animals and humans at different altitudes; proved that carbohydrates were precursors for lipid synthesis.
He maintained that dietary lipids and carbohydrates should not be consumed equally for proper nutrition. This device made it possible for the first time to measure O2 consumed and CO2 produced during ambulation. Carl von Voit —; www. Max Joseph von Pettenkofer — Perfected the respiration calorimeter Fig. The top chamber of the figure below shows the entire calorimeter.
The cut-away image shows a human experiment where fresh Max Joseph von air was pumped into the sealed Pettenkofer chamber and vented air sampled for carbon dioxide. Eduard F. First demonstrated that minute changes in the partial pressure of blood gases affect the rate of oxygen release across capillary membranes, thus proving that blood flow alone does not govern how tissues receive oxygen. Wilbur Olin Atwater —; www. Published data about the chemical composition of American foods currently used in databases of food composition.
Also performed human calorimetric Edward F. Russel Henry Chittenden —; www. Refocused attention on the minimal protein requirement of humans while resting or exercising; concluded that no debilitation occurred if protein intake equaled 1. Chittenden Courtesy Library of Medicine received the first PhD in physiological chemistry given by an American university. Some scholars12 regard Chittenden as the father of biochemistry in the United States.
He believed that physiological chemistry would provide basic tools for researchers to study important aspects of physiology and provided the impetus for incorporating biochemical analyses in Russel Henry Chittenexercise physiology. Nobel Prize in for isolating and identifying the structure of the amino acid tryptophan. Hopkins collaborated with W. Fletcher mentor to A. Hill to study muscle chemistry. Fletcher Figure I. They found that a muscle contracting under low oxygen conditions produced lactate at the expense of glycogen.
Conversely, oxygen in muscle suppressed lactate formation. The researchers deduced that lactate forms from a nonoxidative anaerobic process during contraction; during recovery in a noncontracted state, an oxidative aerobic process removes lactate with oxygen present. Francis Gano Benedict —; www. Conducted exhaustive studies of energy metabolism in newborn infants, growing children and adolescents, starving persons, athletes, and vegetarians.
The founders included Christopher Wren —; astronomer, English architect who rebuilt 51 churches in London after the devastating fire of London in and Robert Boyle — Weekly meetings viewed experiments and discussed scientific topics of interest developed in England including continental Europe, most notably scientific advances in France. The Proceedings of the Royal Society includes Series A that publishes research related to mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences, and Series B that publishes research related to biology.
Fellowship in the Society consists of the most eminent engineers, scientists, and technologists from the United Kingdom and British Commonwealth.
Each year the Society elects 44 new Fellows, including 8 Foreign Members and up to 1 Honorary Member from about proposed candidates. In , there were Fellows and Foreign Members. The elite Society membership beginning in includes 80 Nobel Laureates. Within the domain relevant to exercise science, the Members include seven scientists we chronicle in this text, all winning the Nobel Prize in the category Physiology or Medicine August Krogh, ; Otto Meyerhof, ; A.
Rather, females who wished to stand with male colleagues found the going difficult. Opposition included hostility, ridicule, and professional discrimination, typically in chemistry, physics, and medicine, but also in related fields such as botany, biology, and mathematics.
A few women did break through the almost exclusively male-dominated fields to make significant contributions despite such considerable hurdles. Direct suppression included outright refusal to hire women to teach at the university or college level.
For those who were hired, many could not directly supervise graduate student research projects. The difference in the gender-specific pool of outstanding scientists cannot adequately explain the disparity between male and female Nobel winners.
Reading about the lives and times of the 10 female winners, including others who by all accounts probably deserved the honor, gives a better appreciation for the inequity. Gerty Radnitz Cori — ; Biological chemistry 2. Marie Sklodowska Curie — ; Chemistry, physics 3.
Irene Joliot-Curie — ; Chemistry 4. Barbara McClintock — ; Cytogenetics 5. Maria Goeppert Mayer — ; Physics 6. Rita Levi-Montalcini — ; Developmental neurology and physiology 7. Gertrude B. Elion — ; Chemistry 9. Rosalyn Sussman Yalow — ; Medicine Lise Meitner — ; Physics Rosalind Franklin — ; Chemistry We hope the legacy of the exercise physiology pioneers discussed in this chapter inspires students to strive for excellence in their particular specialty.
Successful scientists often must surmount many obstacles along the way to achieve success and recognition. They all shared common traits—an unyielding passion for science and uncompromising quest to explore new ground where others had not ventured. As you progress in your own careers, we hope that you too will experience the pure joy of discovering new truths in exercise physiology.
Perhaps the achievements of women scientists from outside our field will serve as a gentle reminder to support the next generation of scientists from their accomplishments and passion for their field. Summary This introductory section on the historical development of exercise physiology illustrates that interest in exercise and health had its roots with the ancients.
During the years that followed, the field we now call exercise physiology evolved from a symbiotic albeit, sometimes rocky relationship between the classically trained physicians, the academically based anatomists and physiologists, and a small cadre of physical educators who struggled to achieve their identity and academic credibility through research and experimentation in the basic and applied sciences. The physiologists used exercise to study the dynamics of human physiology, and the early physical educators often adapted the methodology and knowledge of physiology to study human responses to exercise.
Beginning in the mids in the United States, a small but slowly growing effort to raise standards for the scientific training of physical education and hygiene specialists primarily targeted teaching at the college and university level.
The creation of the first exercise physiology laboratory at Harvard University in contributed to an already burgeoning knowledge explosion in basic physiology, primarily in Britain and throughout Europe. Originally, medically trained physiologists made the significant scientific advances in most of the subspecialties now included in the exercise physiology course curriculum.
The field of exercise physiology also owes a debt of gratitude to the pioneers of the physical fitness movement in the United States, spearheaded by Thomas K. Cureton — Cureton ical education at the University of Illinois at Champaign. Many of the graduates who were mentored by individuals such as T. Cureton assumed leadership positions as professors with teaching and research responsibilities in exercise physiology at numerous colleges and universities in the United States and throughout the world.
Although we have focused on the contributions of selected early American scientists and physical educators and their counterparts from the Nordic countries to the development of modern-day exercise physiology, we would be neglectful not to acknowledge the numerous contributions from many scholars in other countries. Brauer and H. Wyndham and N. Strydom, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.
There were also many early German scientific contributions to exercise physiology and sports medicine. These demanding but inspiring relationships developed researchers who, in turn, nurtured the next generation of productive scholars.
This applies not only to the current group of exercise physiologists, but also to scholars of previous generations. We are led back to Aristotle and Galen as the real predecessors of Harvey in his work concerning the heart. It was the labors of the great school of Greek anatomists … that the problem though unsolved, was put in such a shape that the genius of Harvey was enabled to solve it….
The moral is, I think, that the influence of the past on the present is even more potent than we commonly suppose. In common and trivial things, we may ignore this connection; in what is of enduring worth we cannot. It shows how current themes in exercise physiology share a common bond with what was known and advocated at that time the benefits of moderate physical activity, walking as an excellent exercise, the appropriate exercise intensity, the specificity of training, the importance of mental well-being.
The natural force of the muscular system requires to be maintained by constant and regular exercise. By use and exercise, on the contrary, they maintain their vigor, continue plump and firm to the touch, and retain all the characters of their healthy organization. It is very important, therefore, that the muscles should be trained and exercised by sufficient daily use.
Too much confinement by sedentary occupation, in study, or by simple indulgence in indolent habits, will certainly impair the strength of the body and injuriously affect the health. The muscular exercise of the body, in order to produce its proper effect, should be regular and moderate in degree.
It will not do for any person to remain inactive during the greater part of the week, and then take an excessive amount of exercise on a single day…. It is only a uniform and healthy action of the parts that stimulates the muscles and provides for their nourishment and growth…. Walking is therefore one of the most useful kinds of exercise…. The exact quantity of exercise to be taken is not precisely the same for different persons, but should be measured by its effect.
It is always beneficial when it has fully employed the muscular powers without producing any sense of excessive fatigue or exhaustion….
In all cases, the exercise that is taken should be regular and uniform in degree, and should be repeated as nearly as possible for the same time every day. As a student of exercise physiology, you are about to embark on an exciting journey into the world of human physiologic response and adaptation to physical activity.
We hope our tour of the beginnings of exercise physiology inspires you in your studies to begin your own journey to new discoveries. The influence of exercise, intensity, age, and medication on resting systolic blood pressure of SHR populations. J Appl Physiol ; What first inspired you to enter the exercise science field? Bill of Rights to be able to teach health and physical education while coaching in a rural high school. Once I realized that I did not enjoy my chosen career, I returned to the University of Illinois for more education in health education.
To support a growing family, I secured a summer and part-time position as a 4-H Club Fitness Specialist who conducted fitness tests and clinics throughout the state of Illinois. When it became apparent that I had to have more physiology and biochemistry to explain what I was testing and advocating, I knew I had to be a physiologist with expertise in exercise physiology.
So I transferred to the Physiology Department, and the rest is history. What influences did your undergraduate education have on your final career choice? Although I had the late Peter V. Karpovich as my exercise physiology instructor at Springfield College, he did not stimulate, motivate, or encourage me to consider becoming one.
My mindset was to teach and coach in a rural high school, and everything in the undergraduate curriculum or experience was to help me achieve that goal. Who were the most influential people in your career, and why? Early in graduate school at the University of Illinois, I became interested in the physiological and biochemical foundations of physical fitness by the interesting and evangelical lectures of Dr.
Thomas K. However, my interest in physiological research and its scientific foundations was stimulated, developed, and perfected by Darl M. Hall, who was an intelligent critical and caring research scientist in the Illinois Extension Service who had the responsibility of testing the fitness levels of 4-H Club members.
Our discussions made me realize that functional explanations require in-depth scientific knowledge and encouraged me to transfer into the physiology department to secure such information. Once in physiology, I became exposed to the impressive intelligence and outstanding scholarship of Robert E. Johnson and to his example of the scientific attributes necessary to become a productive exercise physiologist. Inherent with this profile of recognition is the fact that without the love and support of my wife, Betty, and our four daughters, my transition to physiology and the survival of a poverty state would have never occurred.
The least enjoyable were the administrative aspects of supervising a laboratory and the constant search for funding of research ideas. What are your most meaningful contributions to the field of exercise science, and why are they so important? The first requires the understanding that exercise science evolved from the discipline of physical education and includes exercise physiology.
When I entered the profession in the s, I lacked intellectual rigor and scientific knowledge. Consequently, my graduate years were spent securing an undergraduate education. Thus, my most meaningful and satisfying contribution to the field was the planning and implementation of a rigorous, science-based Ph.
It was important to me because it attracted many outstanding individuals to the University of Iowa who became dear friends and helped pave the way for exercise science to become an academic entity. What advice would you give to students who express an interest in pursuing a career in exercise science research? It is an exciting occupation that demands hard work, while requiring an individual to be disciplined, dedicated, and honest.
Lastly, seek a mentor whose research interests you and one who is concerned about you as a future researcher and not as a contributor to their vitae. What interests have you pursued outside of your professional career? Where do you see the exercise science field particularly your area of greatest interest heading in the next 20 years? Tipton selected as the recipient of the Clark W. Hetherington Award.
National Academy of Kinesiology Newsletter. These solutions will be complex because the effects of acute and chronic exercise are a product of both genomic genetics and epigenetics. Consequently, future investigators must be thoroughly educated in these three sciences and the exercise response in normal and diseased populations. Proper nutrition forms the foundation for physical performance; it provides the necessary fuel for biologic work and the chemicals for extracting and using the potential energy within this fuel.
Nutrients from food also furnish essential elements to repair existing cells and synthesize new tissues. We maintain, however, that the study of human movement, energy capacities, and performance highlight the relevance of energy sources and the role diverse nutrients play in energy release and transfer. With this knowledge and perspective, the exercise specialist can critically evaluate claims about special nutritional supplements, including dietary modifications, to enhance physical performance.
Nutrients provide energy and regulate physiologic processes before, during, and following physical activity, so improved human performance often links with dietary modification. Too often, individuals devote considerable time and effort striving to optimize exercise performance, only to fall short because of inadequate, counterproductive, and sometimes harmful nutritional practices.
The three chapters that follow present the six categories of nutrients—carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water—and explore within the context of exercise physiology the following five questions related to nutrition: What are nutrients? Where are they found? What are their functions?
What role do they play in physical activity? How does optimal nutrition impact exercise performance and training responsiveness? Skeletal muscle enzymes and fiber composition in male and female track athletes. Even as an 8-year-old, I needed to know why animals differed and what made them work. In college, I was more interested in anatomy and physiology than in physical education.
But I was a poor student who was satisfied with taking all the activities classes and easy grades that I was able to attain. My primary interest was staying eligible for swimming. During my senior year at Ohio State University, I signed up for an independent study and was assigned a research project with 30 rats. The project never amounted to much, but I was left on my own and learned that the research process was challenging. My first introduction to exercise physiology was as a graduate student at Miami University in Ohio.
A faculty member Fred Zeckman in the Department of Zoology offered an exercise physiology class to about six students. After teaching high school general science and biology for 3 years, as well as coaching three teams, I decided it was time to see if I could get the credentials to become a coach at a small college.
I began working toward a doctorate in higher education. At the same time, I became close friends with Dick Bowers and Ed Fox, fellow graduate students who were majoring in exercise physiology under the direction of Dr.
What influence did your undergraduate education have on your final career choice? It was not until I had been teaching for several years that I identified what I really wanted to do. So I decided to focus my energy on research.
Exercise physiology gave me a chance to do research in an area that held numerous practical questions. Interestingly, a few of those runners e.
Bob Bartels: Bob was my college swimming coach. First, he kept me on the freshman team, even though I was one of the least talented. David Bruce D. Dill: I worked with Bruce in the summer of His words of wisdom and advice headed me in the right direction. Christensen, P. Since I was a student with little talent but a good work ethic, I tended to recruit those types as graduate students.
They were not always the ones with the high GPAs, but they were motivated and knew how to work. Also, seeing students with great talent fail to live up to their full potential. Not every student achieved the level of success I expected, but their lives were often altered by events outside the laboratory. Precision in the laboratory is essential if you want to generate a clear answer to your question.
Distance running — : I started running for fitness and eventually ran 16 marathons in the late s and early s.
Internet Archive's 25th Anniversary Logo. Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass. User icon An illustration of a person's head and chest. Sign up Log in. Web icon An illustration of a computer application window Wayback Machine Texts icon An illustration of an open book. Books Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip. Video Audio icon An illustration of an audio speaker.
This Eighth Edition is updated with the latest research in the field to give you easy to understand, up to date coverage of how nutrition, energy transfer, and exercise training affect human performance. Gain an understanding of how researchers contribute to our knowledge of exercise physiology through engaging section opening interviews with key figures in the field. Access the most relevant current information in the field through figures and tables that clarify important concepts and information.
Gain an understanding of the past, present, and future of the profession through coverage of important milestones and future directions in the field. E-Book Description.
0コメント